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-<WRAP centeralign><fs large>**Spatial Spectrum Sensing-Based Device-to-Device (D2D) Networks**</fs>\\
+<fs large>**Spatial Spectrum Sensing-Based Device-to-Device (D2D) Networks**</fs>\\
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   * Principal Investigator: Lingjia Liu (ECE at VT)
-  * Student Investigator: Bodong Shang (ECE at VT)
+  * Student Investigator: Shadab Mahboob (ECE at VT)
-  * Student Investigator: Jianan Bai (ECE at VT)
+  * Student Investigator: Yifei Song (ECE at VT)
   * Industrial Collaborator: Jianzhong (Charlie) Zhang (Samsung Research America)
   * Industrial Collaborator: Hao Chen (Samsung Research America)
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 ==== Abstract ====
+###
-<WRAP justify> Intellectual Merit: Heterogeneous networks, especially heterogeneous relay networks, are believed to be one of the enabling technologies for future broadband mobile communications. Previous design of such networks usually neglects the role of statistical queueing delay in performance analysis. However, most traffic of future broadband mobile data networks will be delay-sensitive while most delay-sensitive applications have stringent requirements on statistical delay-violation probabilities. For example, in the 4th generation cellular standard, the requirement on delay-violation probability for real-time video traffic is 2% with the delay bound being 50ms for radio access networks. The objective of this BRIGE research is to provide a unified fundamental framework for the analysis and design of heterogeneous relay networks under statistical delay constraints (constraints on delay violation probabilities). The research components of the project consist of two parts. The first part focuses on the statistical delay analysis of wireless multi-hop relay systems to provide a unified framework to analyze wireless system performance under delay-violation probability constraints. The second part focuses on heterogeneous relay networks where new mobile association strategies and load balancing methods will be identified to maximize the overall network efficiency for a heterogeneous relay network.
+The continuing growth of mobile data applications is expected to trigger a large increase in mobile traffic over the next decade. Direct device-to-device (D2D) communications between user devices that offload cellular network traffic has a great potential to be an integral part of the solution to address this mobile data challenge. In this project, the researchers will introduce a novel spectrum access model, called sensing-based D2D communication, to significantly improve the overall network spectral-efficiency of a mobile broadband network. In sensing-based D2D, users utilize spatial spectrum sensing to explore temporal and spatial spectrum transmission opportunities within the underlying cellular network bands. Equipped with spatial spectrum sensing, these users can efficiently utilize the available non-occupied cellular spectrum while providing enough protection to legacy base-station-to-device users. This project will result in a new enabling technology for future mobile broadband networks and will also effectively enrich educational materials by providing software and hardware-based implementation and experimental activities.
+###
-{{  :hrn.png?300  }}
+{{ :cluster_d2d.jpg?400 |}}
-Broader Impacts: Mobile wireless devices are an integral part of society and are currently used by over 75% of the global population. In the United States, the present adoption rate of mobile devices exceeds 92%. Research that leads to improving their performance offers the potential to improve how these devices serve the needs of their users. In addition to global technological impact, the PI also proposes an educational plan that will immerse local students especially from the underrepresented groups in the exciting field of wireless communications. The PI's outreach activities span from the high school level up through the graduate level. The PI will also recruit students of underrepresented groups including Hispanic, female, low incoming and first generation students to participate in the project. By integrating research and education together, this project will broaden the participation of underrepresented groups in engineering.
+###
+The research project has three interconnected thrusts. In the first thrust, a comprehensive framework for both theoretical analysis and practical design of sensing-based D2D that connects the user-driven spatial spectrum sensing to the overall network performance will be developed, using detection theory and stochastic geometry. In the second thrust, optimal system design and resource allocation of sensing-based D2D will be identified. Existing techniques, such as distributed caching and millimeter wave communications, will be integrated into sensing-based D2D. In the third thrust, the performance of the developed schemes will be evaluated using both software and hardware test-beds to obtain ideas on real-world performance. The key aspect of the proposed research is that the success of the project will lead to a big shift from currently popular design methodologies used for wireless networks and can provide a comprehensive response to mobile data growth challenge under realistic system assumptions.
-</WRAP>
+###
 ==== Publication ====
-<WRAP justify>
+  * B. Shang, E. S. Bentley and L. Liu, "UAV Swarm-Enabled Aerial Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface: Modeling, Analysis, and Optimization," accepted to //IEEE Trans. Commun.//
-  * Y. Li, L. Liu, H. Li, J. Zhang, and Y. Yi, "Resource Allocation for Delay-Sensitive Traffic over LTE-Advanced Relay Networks," //IEEE Trans. on Wireless Commun.//, vol. 14, no. 8, pp. 4291-4303, Aug. 2015.
+  * B. Shang, L. Liu, H. Chen, J. Zhang, S. Pudlewski, E. Bentley, and J. Ashdown, "Spatial Spectrum Sensing in Uplink Two-Tier User-Centric Deployed HetNets," //IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun.//, vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 7957-7972, Dec. 2020.
+  * K. Hamedani, L. Liu, S. Liu, H. He, and Y. Yi, "Deep Spiking Delayed Feedback Reservoirs and Its Application in Spectrum Sensing of MIMO-OFDM Dynamic Spectrum Sharing", //AAAI Conf Artificial Intell.// (AAAI-2020), vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 1292-1299, 2020.
+  * B. Shang, L. Liu, R. M. Rao, V. Marojevic and J. H. Reed, "3D Spectrum Sharing for Hybrid D2D and UAV Networks," //IEEE Trans. Commun.//, vol. 68, no. 9, pp. 5375-5389, Sept. 2020.
+  * B. Shang and L. Liu, "Mobile Edge Computing in the Sky: Energy Optimization for Air-Ground Integrated Networks," accepted to //IEEE Internet Things J.//, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 7443-7456, Aug. 2020.
+  * B. Shang, V. Marojevic, Y. Yi, A. S. Abdalla and L. Liu, "Spectrum Sharing for UAV Communications: Spatial Spectrum Sensing and Open Issues," //IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag.//, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 104-112, June 2020.
+  * B. Shang and L. Liu, "Machine Learning Meets Point Process: Spatial Spectrum Sensing in User-Centric Networks," //IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett.//, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 34-37, Jan. 2020.
+  * B. Shang, L. Liu, H. Chen, J. Zhang, S. Pudlewski, E. Serena Bentley, and J. Ashdown, "Spatial Spectrum Sensing-Based D2D Communications in User-Centric Deployed HetNets", 2019 //IEEE Global Commun. Conf.// (GLOBECOM), Waikoloa USA, 2019 pp. 1-6.
+  * F. Mahmood, E. Perrins and L. Liu, "Energy-Efficient Wireless Communications: From Energy Modeling to Performance Evaluation," //IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.//, vol. 68, no. 8, pp. 7643-7654, Aug. 2019.
+  * A. Akhtar, J. Ma, R. Shafin, J. Bai, L. Li, Z. Li, and L. Liu, "Low Latency Scalable Point Cloud Communication in VANETs using V2I Communication", 2019 //IEEE Intl Conf. on Commun.// (ICC), Shanghai, China, 2019, pp. 1-7.
+  * H. Song, L. Liu, H. Chang, J. Ashdown, and Y. Yi, "Deep Q-Network Based Power Allocation Meets Reservoir Computing in Distributed Dynamic Spectrum," 2019 //IEEE Conf. on Computer Commun. Workshops// (INFOCOM WKSHPS), Paris, France, pp. 774-779.
-  * B. Ning, S. Yang, L. Liu, and Y. Lu, "Resource allocation for OFDM cognitive radio with enhanced primary transmission protection". //IEEE Commun. Lett.//, vol. 18, no. 11, pp. 2027-2030, Nov. 2014.
+  * H. Chen, L. Liu, H. S. Dhillon and Y. Yi, "QoS-Aware D2D Cellular Networks with Spatial Spectrum Sensing: A Stochastic Geometry View," //IEEE Trans. on Commun.//, vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 3651-3664, May 2019.
-  * G. Ru, H. Li, and L. Liu, "Energy efficiency of hybrid cellular with heterogeneous QoS provisions". //IEEE Communi. Lett.//, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 1003-1006, Jun. 2014.
+  * C. Sahin, L. Liu, E. Perrins, and L. Ma, "Delay-Sensitive Communications over IR-HARQ: Modulation, Coding Latency, and Reliability", Special Issue on Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications in Wireless Networks, //IEEE J. Sel. Area Commun.//, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 749 - 764, April 2019.
-  * L. Liu, Y. Yi, J.-F. Chamberland, and J. Zhang, "Energy-Efficient Power Allocation for Delay-Sensitive Multimedia Traffic over Wireless Systems". Special Section on **Green Mobile Multimedia Communications** of the //IEEE Trans. on Veh. Technol.//, vol. 63, no. 5, pp. 2038-2047, Jun. 2014.
+  * R. Atat, L. Liu, J. Wu, G. Li, C. Ye and Y. Yang, "Big Data Meet Cyber-Physical Systems: A Panoramic Survey," //IEEE Access//, vol. 6, pp. 73603-73636, 2018.
-  * T. Tran, H. Li, G. Ru, R. Kerczewski, L. Liu, S. Khan, "[[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=6552836|Secure Wireless Multicast for Delay-Sensitive Data via Network Coding]]". //IEEE Trans. on Wireless Commun.//, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 3372-3387, Jul. 2013.
+  * R. Atat, J. Ma, H. Chen, U. Lee, J. Ashdown and L. Liu, "Cognitive relay networks with energy and mutual-information accumulation," 2018 //IEEE Conf. on Computer Commun. Workshops// (INFOCOM WKSHPS), Honolulu, HI, April 2018, pp. 640-644.
-  * Y. Li, L. Liu, H. Li, Y. Li, and Y. Yi, "Adaptive Resource Allocation for Heterogeneous Traffic over Heterogeneous Relay Networks". 2013 //IEEE International Conference on Communications// (ICC’13), pp. 5431-5436, Jun. 2013.
-</WRAP>

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